Cathedral and the Arts

by Chao Chen, Humanities Reference Librarian

email chao.chen@tufts.edu | phone 617.627.2057 | homepage icon Home

Chao Chen

Preparations for Research

A. Sources for research ideas:
You may get inspiration to research a topic from many sources, including the following

  • 1. Professor’s suggestions; Course Syllabus
  • 2. Textbooks on Course Reserves.
  • 3. Bibliographies found in the above readings;
  • 4. Other sources that inspire or interest you.

B. Survey the sources—list, from the above sources, terms, concepts, and topics you need or want to explore further:
(Be mindful if a line of inquiry might suggest itself.)

  • Authors, titles (of books and articles) and ideas from the above.
  • Terms, concepts, methods/approaches/theories you need or want to explore further.
  • Artists, art works, an art historian’s analysis of a "problem", and so on
  • The above overlap and relate to each other; state these relationships when you identify them.

 

If you prefer to start with the visuals to help frame your research; try these sources:


JSTOR
(a collection of journals with omission of the current years)

Click on the Images in JStor Tab to view images within the journal articles. (The ARTStor Images Tab is not the same as searching ARTstor separately.)

ARTstor (the digital images database)

Be sure to anchor your work in the visual: looking at your building – plans, drawings, photographs, from many angles and positions.


1. Oxford Art Online

Includes "Grove Art Online"—the online equivalent of the 34 volumes of the print version of The Dictionary of Art, plus updates since the print version.)


2. Oxford Reference Online

Art and Architecture; social, political, religious history; history of ideas; all periods.

Search Oxford Reference Online

Medieval Art and Architecture

Encyclopedia of Medieval Church Art. N 7943 .A1 T37 1993
The Oxford Companion to Christian Art and Architecture. N7830 .M87 1996
English Mediaeval Architects: a Biographical Dictionary Down to 1550: Including Master Masons, Carpenters, Carvers, Building Contractors, and Others Responsible for Design. NA963 .H37 1984


Subjects and Symbols in Art

Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art. Ref. N7560 .H34 1979
Dictionary of Symbols in Western Art. Ref. N7740 .C29 1995
Symbols and Legends in Western Art. Ref N7760  .W53
Iconography of Christian Art. Ref N7830 .S3513 1971
Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography. Ref. N7560 .E53 1998
Oriental Art: aHandbook of Styles and Forms. Ref. N7260 .G6713 1980


 

Subject Encyclopedias/dictionaries & Textbooks:

Believing and Seeing: the Art of Gothic Cathedrals. N6310 .R4313 2008 book cover

Introduction;Part I. From Romanticized Mechanics to the Cathedral of Light -- 1. Gothic Architecture: Technology and Symbolism -- The Gothic System: “Romanticized Mechanics”? -- Symbolical Interpretations and Two World Wars -- 2. Ornament, Style, and Space -- The First and Second Viennese Schools -- August Schmarsow: Art as a System -- The Question of Style, or, The Search for Unity -- Space and the Picture as Plane. Part II. An Introduction to the Art of Cathedrals -- 3. The Seen and the Unseen -- Seeing the Host: St. Francis and the Testimony of One’s Own Eyes -- Seeing Mysteries--The Physics and Metaphysics of Seeing -- 4. Architecture and the “Connoisseurs” -- Architectural Relics and Innovations -- The Enhancement of the Visual -- Architectural Iconology and the Architect’s Role -- Chartres and Bourges: “Classical” or “Gothic”? -- The French Model: Canterbury, Cologne, and Prague -- Architecture, Color, and Glass -- 5. The Carved Image and Its Functions -- The Devotional Image -- The Carved Image and the Liturgy -- The Cathedral as a Theater of Memory -- Expression, Color, and Dress -- 6. Models, Transmission of Forms and Types, and Working Methods -- A New Model: The Royal Portrait -- The Transmission of Forms and Types -- Working Method -- The Display and Sale of Art -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Suggested Reading.

Medieval Architecture. NA350 .C65 2002 book cover

Treating the subject thematically, this book seeks out what all buildings, both religious and secular, (the traditional Gothic cathedrals, the castles of chivalry as well as synagogues, halls, and barns) have in common, and how they reflect the material and spiritual concerns of the people who built and used them.

Contents: Introduction -- Part I: `What we now vulgarly call the Gothic' -- Structure and Design -- Patron and Builder. Part II: Introduction -- Architectural Space -- Symbolic Architecture: Representation and Association -- Innovation and Commemoration -- The Future that Arrives -- Notes -- Further Reading -- Timeline -- Museums and Websites -- List of Illustrations.


arrow Readings on Course Reserves.



arrow WorldCat (catalogs of libraries worldwide)



Procedure Note:

1. Verify if Tufts Library has the books found elsewhere.

2. Use ILliad (interlibrary loan service) to request non-Tufts books.




Path of Discovery in the Catalogs

1. Find a title/author (assigned readings/Course Reserves);

2. Note the descriptive language of the Catalog record.

3. Use that language in further searches

  1. e.g. Click on subject/author in the record to see further results and related topics.
Title Artistic Integration in Gothic Buildings. / edited by Virginia Chieffo Raguin, Kathryn Brush, Peter Draper.
Publisher Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, c1995.
Subject Church architecture -- Europe.
Architecture, Gothic -- Europe.
Added Authors Raguin, Virginia Chieffo, 1941-
Brush, Kathryn.
Draper, Peter.

Some Titles to Get You Started:

Architecture and Language: Constructing Identity in European Architecture, c. 1000-c. 1650 / edited by Georgia Clarke, Paul Crossley. Oversize: NA2543.L34 A73 2000 [Lost and Paid]

Great Cathedrals / Bernhard Schütz ; with photographs by Albert Hirmer, Florian Monheim, Joseph Martin ; [translated from the German by Translate-A-Book]. Oversize: NA5453 .S39 2002

Medieval Architecture, Medieval Learning: Builders and Masters in the Age of Romanesque and Gothic / Charles M. Radding and William W. Clark. Oversize: NA390 .R33 1992

The Cathedral Builders / by Jean Gimpel ; translated by Teresa Waugh. Oversize: NA4830 .G5313 1984

Cathedrals of Europe / Anne Prache. Oversize: NA4830 .P6813 2000  

Cathedrals of the World / text by Graziella Leyla Ciagà. Oversize: NA4830 .C53 2006

The Gothic Enterprise: a Guide to Understanding the Medieval Cathedral / Robert A. Scott. Oversize: NA440 .S425 2003

Recommended


A Survival Guide for Art History Students
N385 .M37 2005
Look!: the Fundamentals of Art History
N345 .D26 2006
book cover book cover
A Short Guide to Writing about Art.
N7476 .B37 2008
Writing about Art.
N7476 .S29 2006
book cover book cover

The Scope of Your Research Question:

Approach a topic from many contexts/positions in order to collect sufficient evidence and give your argument and reasoning depth.

If your initial interest is about “Great Mosque at Cordoba”, expand your scope or focus your topic as needed:

1. Start with a simple keyword search:

Mosque and Cordoba


2. Explore the broader context: the architectur of mosques in Spain or in Spanish style:

Mosque* and architect* and (spain or spanish)


3. The Great Mosque at Cordoba (Spain) represents a synthesis of cultures, architectural styles and religious iconography, so explore the interaction of Muslims/Islam and the Christians:

Mosque* and christian* and (spain or spanish)

Note: Try out these search patterns in sources beyond the Tufts Library Catalog.



Keyword Search Tip:


Mosque* and architect* and (spain or spanish)




1. include "and" in between keywords;

2. "or" and ( ) to nest related/varied expressions;

3. architect* for all forms: architect, architecture, architectual, etc.


1. Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals

2. Collections of Journals

jstor logo

3. Additional Databases

Arts & Humanities Citation Index (Web of Science)

    


4. Medieval Studies

International Medieval Bibliography (400-1500).

Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance (400 -1700).  

Feminae: Medieval Women and Gender Index.


Click on the number to pause the slide.

About JSTOR

1. JSTOR provides images in the articles, information which is not conveyed in text alone;

2. Likely to include seminal works on a subject, which are highly original and influential, and central to the development or understanding of a subject.

3. Must check for up-to-date information from other sources when using JSTOR.

Click to browse some major journals in the field:

journal coverjournal coverjournal coverjournal cover

You are likely to study iconography in medieval art courses— focusing on a particular element that occurs in the object (an object, action, gesture, pose): when that same element occurs in other objects historically and how a particular representation of it is unique; what the element means generally in art or to art historians.

Studies in Iconography. (volume contents) NX1 .S84

journal cover

An annual that contains original essays that study the visual culture of the period before 1600. Each volume includes an overview of scholarship on a topic of current interest, approached from an interdisciplinary and/or theoretical perspective; five to seven articles that often highlight interdisciplinary concerns; and six to ten in-depth reviews of important recent scholarly books, facsimiles, and catalogues.

Strategy in Selecting a Database


First, run a relatively broad search in them to assess their relevance on a topic;
Next, try out a variety of keyword, subject, and author searches in a chosen database.
Last, use newly learned ideas and words in other databases.




Some Database Characteristics


Each Database is selective

Subject Matter—disciplinary perspective, period, geographical region, and more;
Scope—types, number, and years of publications covered
Depth (of indexing) —citation, abstracts, full texts, which determines their search capabilities.

Evaluation of Search Results:

In what types of journals and publications (besides art history and medieval studies journals) did you find relevant work? What does this suggest about research on your topic?

What sorts of audiences seem to be addressed in works on your topic? How can you tell? 

What aspects of the search results surprised you? Why? Did “peripheral materials” lead you anywhere? How?

Based on your search, how would you characterize the main approaches to your topic? What do you think are some of the central debates in the study of your topic? What is your evidence for thinking so?

Reviews of recent books on a subject are likely to summarize the current state of research in an area:

review* and iconograph* and medieval and (fabrics or textiles)

a record

Note:

1. include "and" in between keywords;

2. "or" and ( ) to nest related/varied expressions;

3. review* searches for all forms: review, reviews, reviewing, etc.

Find Authors Who Have Recently Cited an Article

1. Not every single article is cited;
2. Influential authors are cited more often;
3. More recent publications take time to be cited.

Therefore, search for seminal works by influential scholars and find out who cited them recently.

Those who cited the article found in Arts & Humanities Citation Index:

Title: Lost and 'Found' - Once More Fallen Woman.
Author(s): Nochlin, L.
Source: Art Bulletin Vol. 60 issue 1, 1978
Times Cited: 14

Read a Couple of Articles Carefully and Identify:

  • the "problem" addressed (the thesis of the article);
  • the central debates on this problem;
  • the major arguments by the author;
  • the methods applied in making these arguments;
  • the evidence (e.g., visual/formal details, original documents, or secondary sources);
  • if the conclusions are based on speculations, are they convincing?

A Survival Guide for Art History Students by Christina Maranci. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, c2005. (N385 .M37 2005)

Throughout your reading:

  • Compare and contrast methods by authors: key points of difference or convergence
  • Note controversies and weaknesses; explain and clarify gaps
  • How about the presentation, logic and clarity of the article?
  • State your own positions; provide your own interpretations and critiques

Finding Full Texts

1. Click on the FindItAtTufts button to these three options:

  • a. link to the full text of the article when available digitally;
  • b. link to a Library Catalog search for the journal in print that contains your article.
  • c. link to ILliad for requesting the article when the above two options are negative.

2. Search for a journal directly here:


In print:

Books and journals with color plates, photographs, and other visuals are excellent sources; these illustrations are usually done professionally and/or are commissioned works serving as the official records of the built works. Here is a sample:

Lincoln Cathedral,  General View.

Courtauld Institute Illustration Archives / Oversize: NA5461 .C75.
Archive 1, Cathedrals & monastic buildings in the British Isles. Archive 3, Medieval architecture & sculpture in Europe.

The selection of photographic collections of the Conway Library (of the Courtauld Institute of Art); photographs of either a group of buildings or part of one building, treated as a subject in itself, with a brief editorial Introduction, and some additional material such as ground plans, sections etc.


Digital

Artifact (Tufts University)

Cities/Buildings Image Archive

Digital Archive of European Architecture

International Architecture Database

Oxford Art Online

ARTstor

American Landscape and Architectural Design, 1850-1920

A Digital Archive of American Architecture


Tips: search the Library Catalog for books with images

 

cathedral* and pictorial

 

"stained glass" and (catalog* or exhibition*)

 

"notre dame" and (photo* or exhibition*)




Using the Chicago Manual of Style:

The Manual presents two basic documentation systems, the humanities style (notes and bibliography) and the author-date system.


Consult Chicago Manual of Style Online for detailed guidance.


Print copy at the Reference Desk: Z253 .U69 2003



Brief samples (the humanities style):

Book Citation in a bibliography:

Steiner, Hadas A. Beyond Archigram: the structure of circulation. New York: Routledge, 2009.


Book Citation in a note:

Fernando Luiz Lara, The rise of popular modernist architecture in Brazil (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, c2008), 35.


Article citation in a bibliography:

Wright, Gwendolyn. "Cultural History: Europeans, Americans, and the Meanings of Space." The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 64, no. 4 (2005), 436-440.


Article citation in a note:

Ralph E. Griswold, "Wright Was Wrong," Landscape Architecture 53 (April 1963), 190-214.

 

Citation Management Tool: RefWorks

  • 1. Store your records of books, articles, etc.
  • 2. Generate a bibliography in the style of your choice.
  • 3. Format in-text notes/footnotes while you write.


Learn how to use RefWorks


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last updated: 24/07/09