FAH8: Introduction to Architecture, 1400-2000
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![]() (chao.chen@tufts.edu; 7-2057) Research Librarian, Tisch Library Homepage |
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| Sample Research Questions | |
| 1. Louis Sullivan, the development of the skyscraper and the rebuilding of Chicago after the fire c. 1870. | |
| Tips: Place your topic in a broader context · Research on an Architect · Research on a City |
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| 2. How Western style blended with traditional Russian architecture when the nation recruited architects from the West to help design some of its most monumental buildings from around 1500-1800. | |
| Tips: Architecture by Country · Architecture by Type · Architecture by Style/Period · Specific Buildings and Structures |
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| 3. The importance of iron in 19th-century France; the use of iron in the development of the department store. | |
| Tips: Journal Articles--key architectural studies database · Which Other Databases to Use? |
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| 4. Exploring the design of hospitals and medical facilities. Readings on the history of medical buildings, for example, a sanatorium by Alvar Aalto. | |
| Tips: Loeb and Rotch—the Favored Haunts · Google.Scholar? · Visual Research (architectural drawings, photographs, ...) | |
| A Library Research Tutorial 1. Social, Cultural, Historical, and Biographical Backgrounds |
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| 2. Finding Books | |
| 3. Finding Journal Articles | |
| 4. Full Tex, Full Text, Full Text! 5. Searching Google Scholar 6. Visual Research |
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| · Print Sources · Online Sources (digital Images) |
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1. Social, Cultural, Historical, and Biographical Backgrounds
When you need to place your research question in a broader context, here are some good sources to use:
Grove Art Online Here is the entry on Louis Sullivan. This particular entry is written by DAVID VAN ZANTEN, who is currently on faculty in the Department of Art History in Northwestern University. All articles and entries are signed and dated in this source. |
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The following two sources provide an overview of the social, cultural
and intellectual history of American architecture.
| Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth
Century (Ref. E740.7 .E53 1996) In his essay “Architecture”(Vol. 4. p1665), Robert Twombly looks at the following topics on American architectural history in the Twentieth Century: · Architecture and Social Place · Style and Social Agenda, 1890-1910 · The Skyscraper as Icon, 1890-1910 · Altering Habitat: New Agendas for Residential Design, 1900-1930 · The Social Transformation of Modernism, 1922-1940 · Hegemonic Modernism, 1940-1970 · Social Fragmentation: Architectural Chaos, 1970-2000 · Annotated Bibliography |
| Encyclopedia of American Cultural & Intellectual History (Ref. E169.1 .E624 2001) Paul E. Ivey, in his essay by the same title, “Architecture” looks at American Architecture as cultural expression: · Early Civic and Religious Models · Birth of a National Image of Union · State Capitols, City Halls, Post Offices · Representing Religion · Challenges to the Classical Model · Expositions and National Cultural Identity · City Beautiful and Beyond · Domestic Architecture: Historicism, Individuality, and Conformity · Regionalism to the International Style · The Skyscraper and American Commercial Aspirations · Bibliography |
| Note: these sources often provides bibliographies. For example, here are some recommended readings on Louise Sullivan and Chicago Architectural History: Robert Twombly, Louise Sullivan: His Life and Work (1986); Daniel Bluestone, Constructing Chicago (1991). |
Encyclopedia of European social history from 1350 to 2000 (Ref. HN373 .E63 2001)
Other Background Sources:
Encyclopedia of Architectural Technology (Ref.NA31.E58)
Encyclopedia of Architecture (Ref NA31.E59 1988)
International Dictionary of Architects and Architecture (Ref
NA40.I48 1993)
Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World (Ref NA208.E53
1997)
Encyclopedia of American Architecture (Ref NA705.P3 1995)
Dictionary of Architecture and Construction (Ref NA31.H32 1993)
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects (Ref NA40.M25 1982)
Biographical Dictionary of British Architects (Ref NA 996.C6 1995)
Biographical Dictionary of American Architects (Deceased) (Ref NA736.W5
1970)
Makers of 20th Century Modern Architecture (Ref NA 680.J628 1997)
Bibliographies
All about old buildings: the whole preservation catalog (Ref
NA106.A44 1985)
Sources of modern architecture: a critical bibliography (Ref Z5941.5
.S47 1981)
Sourcebook of Contemporary North American Architecture from postwar
to postmodern (Ref NA703.W75 1989)
20th century architecture: a reader's guide / Martin Pawley
(book reviews and a bibliography) (Oversize: NA680 .P314 2000 )
2. Finding Books (in Tisch Library by using Tufts Library Catalog)
Research on an architect
To research on on a particular architect (a person or a firm), a Subject Search is an effective way to find books in the Catalog. For example:
2. Enter last name first. |
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Research on architecture in a city
For a topic such as "the rebuilding of Chicago after the fire c. 1870 ", we can treat it as a search on architecture in a city. We can start with a keyword search, for example:
1. Select to search by Keyword "architect**" searches for architect, architects, architectural, architecture.... The asterisk "*" is called a truncation symbol, a database searching jargon. It's more accurate to use double asterisk "**" in our Catalog, while a single asterisk "*" is sufficient in other databases.) |
Selected search results: |
Next, look closely at a relevant title and find other ways to refine your search. For example, you can click on a relevant Subject index term (also known as "subject headings" or "descriptors") to gain an overview of the subject and related topics. |
The first subject index link, Architecture--Illinois--Chicago will place you in the following subject index screen: |
Research on Architecture of a Country
Subject Search is an effective way to find books on architecture of a country as well:
Search results:
These books should be good starting points for the researcher:
Research on Architecture of a Certain Type (in a country)

Other examples: "vernacular architecture", "hospital architecture", "art museum architecture", "synagogue architecture".
When your subject search does not return any results, try a keyword search, see example above.
Research on Architecture by Styles or Periods 
Research on a Specific Building
| A successful search in the Catalog depends on: | |
| 1. |
If our collection has a lot of monographs (books of detailed study of a single specialized topic) on that particular building. So the tip is to use books on buildings in a city, country... in addition to books about a specific building. |
| 2. | How flexible we can be with our search terms, because we don't always know the official name of a building. |
Search sample 1.

Search sample 2. Not knowing the official name of the building, I used a keyword search:

Search sample 3. a keyword search to include two possibilities--tower or center?
Rotch and Loeb—two local Architecture Libraries
In addition to the Tufts Libraries catalog, Professor Abramson recommends that you also use
Consult their catalogs before your visit. You can't check out books from these libraries, but you can always photocopy materials you need.
For example, on the topic of prison architecture, you will find these books in the three libraries:
Tufts Library Catalog:

Barton, MIT Libraries Catalog

HOLLIS, Harvard Libraries Catalog.

WorldCat is the Catalog of materials held worldwide, and you can request online books you find in this catalog.
3. Finding Journal Articles
Key Database
Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals 1934 -
This database indexes more than 1,000 periodicals published worldwide on archaeology, city planning, interior design, and historic preservation, as well as architecture.
Sample research question, "The importance of iron in 19th-century France; the use of iron in the development of the department store."
Enter key phrases and words; "store*" searches for either and both "store" and "stores" |
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| 1. Look closely at a relevant record in the search results to get some ideas for further refining the initial search; 2. Follow the relevant subject index terms to get to other records on the topic. 3. Use the bibliography in the article. |
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| We can use the previous subject indexing phrase to do another search: |
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Here is how we can apply what we have learned about Avery in our next search:
A.
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| B. Or look more broadly at iron or ironwork used in architectural design in France during a given time period: **Subject Phrase searches for the exact phrase; Subject searches for any word in a subject phrase. ![]() |
Other Subject Databases--Which one(s) to Use?
There are usually more than one relevant source/database (each with its own particular academic discipline/subject focus and/or extensiveness of coverage) for your topic.
| Example, journals may be included in one relevant database, but not another. For instance, two important art and art history journals, Art Bulletin and Art History both are indexed in Art Abstracts, BHA, and Expanded Academic ASAP. However, neither of these two journals is indexed in ARTBibliographies Modern. The Avery database indexes more than 1,000 periodicals published worldwide, while JStor includes only 13 architecture and architectural history journals (minus the current years of these journals.) |
Example, let me return to the sample the topic, “use of iron in French department stores in the 19th century". After analyzing, more closely, we can decide to try out at least the following three databases, in addition to the Avery Index,— Bibliography of the History of Art, for its emphasis on (American and) European art and historical periods; History of Science, Technology and Medicine, If we want to focus on iron as a building material and technological aspect of architectural constructions; and Historical Abstracts, which indexes scholarly literature in European and world history and culture from 1450 to the present. See two search results at the end of this section. So, if your research topic is on modern architecture in Latin America or Asia, you should also use the databases focused on Latin American studies (PRISMA) or Asian studies (Bibliography of Asian Studies), in addition to the architecture and art databases. |
| Art and Art History
Humanities Period Studies
Full text Multidisciplinary Database and E-journal Collection |
History and Culture Studies
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4. Full Tex, Full Text, Full Text! ![]()
A very frequently asked question is, “full text, full text, full text…where are they, online, in print, downstairs, upstairs?” Here is how to find full texts in three different scenarios. (This link takes you to my other library research guide.)
5. Searching Google Scholar
A quick, but limited source. See details about Searching Google Scholar. (The searches were done on 4:45 pm Nov. 9 '06.)

A second Search:

6. Visual Research
Print Sources
Search the Library Catalogs
keyword searches for photographs and other types of illustrations of buildings and structures
Other keyword searches to try out (note the search pattern):
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keyword searches for architectural drawings, sketches, details, designs and plans.
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Other keyword searches to try out (note the search pattern):
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Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
A Visual Dictionary of Architecture. Ref NA31 .C44 1995.
American Architecture: an Illustrated Encyclopedia. Ref NA 705 .H36 1998.
English Architecture: an Illustrated Glossary. Ref NA 961 .C87. World architecture index : a guide to illustrations Ref NA202 .T4 1991
Online Sources (digital Images)
Tufts Department of Art History [http://ase.tufts.edu/art/AHwelcome.html] Cities/Buildings Image Archive [Meredith L. Clausen, Architectural History Professor, University of Washington, http://www.washington.edu/ark2/.] Digital Archive of European Architecture [Professor Jeffery Howe, Boston College, http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/arch/contents_europe.html] International Architecture Database ARTstor |
Library of Congress American Memory Project American Landscape and Architectural Design, 1850-1920 A Digital Archive of American Architecture [Jeffery Howe, Boston College, http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/.]
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