FAH8: Introduction to Architecture, 1400-2000
Professor Daniel Abramson, Fall 2006

A Library Research Tutorialnavigate in any or all of the following ways:
 
chao chen, the research librarian
(chao.chen@tufts.edu; 7-2057)
Research Librarian, Tisch Library

Homepage

Sample Research Questions
1. Louis Sullivan, the development of the skyscraper and the rebuilding of Chicago after the fire c. 1870.
  Tips: Place your topic in a broader context · Research on an Architect · Research on a City
   
2. How Western style blended with traditional Russian architecture when the nation recruited architects from the West to help design some of its most monumental buildings from around 1500-1800.
  Tips: Architecture by Country · Architecture by Type · Architecture by Style/Period · Specific Buildings and Structures book
   
3. The importance of iron in 19th-century France; the use of iron in the development of the department store.
  Tips: Journal Articles--key architectural studies database · Which Other Databases to Use? · Full Text   
   
4. Exploring the design of hospitals and medical facilities. Readings on the history of medical buildings, for example, a sanatorium by Alvar Aalto.
  Tips: Loeb and Rotch—the Favored Haunts · Google.Scholar? · Visual Research (architectural drawings, photographs, ...)

 


A Library Research Tutorial
1. Social, Cultural, Historical, and Biographical Backgrounds
2. Finding Books
3. Finding Journal Articles
  Key Database
citation Other Subject Databases--Which one(s) to Use?
4. Full Tex, Full Text, Full Text! article
5. Searching Google Scholar
6. Visual Research
  · Print Sources
· Online Sources (digital Images)

1. Social, Cultural, Historical, and Biographical Backgrounds
When you need to place your research question in a broader context, here are some good sources to use:

Grove Art Online
(The seminal source for art—the online equivalent of the 34 volumes of the print The Dictionary of Art and The Oxford Companion to Western Art, plus updates since the print version.)

Here is the entry on Louis Sullivan. This particular entry is written by DAVID VAN ZANTEN, who is currently on faculty in the Department of Art History in Northwestern University. All articles and entries are signed and dated in this source.

grove art online search

The following two sources provide an overview of the social, cultural and intellectual history of American architecture.

Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century
(Ref. E740.7 .E53 1996)
In his essay “Architecture”(Vol. 4. p1665), Robert Twombly looks at the following topics on American architectural history in the Twentieth Century: · Architecture and Social Place · Style and Social Agenda, 1890-1910 · The Skyscraper as Icon, 1890-1910 · Altering Habitat: New Agendas for Residential Design, 1900-1930 · The Social Transformation of Modernism, 1922-1940 · Hegemonic Modernism, 1940-1970 · Social Fragmentation: Architectural Chaos, 1970-2000 · Annotated Bibliography
Encyclopedia of American Cultural & Intellectual History
(Ref. E169.1 .E624 2001)
Paul E. Ivey, in his essay by the same title, “Architecture” looks at American Architecture as cultural expression: · Early Civic and Religious Models · Birth of a National Image of Union · State Capitols, City Halls, Post Offices · Representing Religion · Challenges to the Classical Model · Expositions and National Cultural Identity · City Beautiful and Beyond · Domestic Architecture: Historicism, Individuality, and Conformity · Regionalism to the International Style · The Skyscraper and American Commercial Aspirations · Bibliography
Note: these sources often provides bibliographies. For example, here are some recommended readings on Louise Sullivan and Chicago Architectural History: Robert Twombly, Louise Sullivan: His Life and Work (1986); Daniel Bluestone, Constructing Chicago (1991).

Encyclopedia of European social history from 1350 to 2000 (Ref. HN373 .E63 2001)

book Other Background Sources:
Encyclopedia of Architectural Technology (Ref.NA31.E58)
Encyclopedia of Architecture (Ref NA31.E59 1988)
International Dictionary of Architects and Architecture (Ref NA40.I48 1993)
Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World (Ref NA208.E53 1997)
Encyclopedia of American Architecture (Ref NA705.P3 1995)
Dictionary of Architecture and Construction (Ref NA31.H32 1993)

A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture

Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects (Ref NA40.M25 1982)
Biographical Dictionary of British Architects
(Ref NA 996.C6 1995)
Biographical Dictionary of American Architects (Deceased)
(Ref NA736.W5 1970)
Makers of 20th Century Modern Architecture
(Ref NA 680.J628 1997)

book Bibliographies
All about old buildings: the whole preservation catalog (Ref NA106.A44 1985)
Sources of modern architecture: a critical bibliography
(Ref Z5941.5 .S47 1981)
Sourcebook of Contemporary North American Architecture from postwar to postmodern (Ref NA703.W75 1989)
20th century architecture: a reader's guide / Martin Pawley (book reviews and a bibliography) (Oversize: NA680 .P314 2000 )

top


2. Finding Books (in Tisch Library by using Tufts Library Catalog)


Research on an architect
To research on on a particular architect (a person or a firm), a Subject Search is an effective way to find books in the Catalog. For example:


1. Select to search by Subject

2. Enter last name first.

catalog search


Search results: 23 books and other types of publications under 8 sub-topics.
catalog search results

top

Research on architecture in a city
For a topic such as "the rebuilding of Chicago after the fire c. 1870 ", we can treat it as a search on architecture in a city. We can start with a keyword search, for example:

1. Select to search by Keyword
2. Enter keywords: chicago and architect*

"architect**" searches for architect, architects, architectural, architecture....

The asterisk "*" is called a truncation symbol, a database searching jargon. It's more accurate to use double asterisk "**" in our Catalog, while a single asterisk "*" is sufficient in other databases.)

catalog search

Selected search results:
catalog results

 

Next, look closely at a relevant title and find other ways to refine your search.

For example, you can click on a relevant Subject index term (also known as "subject headings" or "descriptors") to gain an overview of the subject and related topics.

 

catalog record

The first subject index link, Architecture--Illinois--Chicago will place you in the following subject index screen:
subject browse

top

Research on Architecture of a Country
Subject Search is an effective way to find books on architecture of a country as well:
catalog search

Search results:
catalog search results

These books should be good starting points for the researcher:
catalog record

top

Research on Architecture of a Certain Type (in a country)
catalog search

Other examples: "vernacular architecture", "hospital architecture", "art museum architecture", "synagogue architecture".
When your subject search does not return any results, try a keyword search, see example above.


top

Research on Architecture by Styles or Periods catalog search

top


Research on a Specific Building

A successful search in the Catalog depends on:
1.
If our collection has a lot of monographs (books of detailed study of a single specialized topic) on that particular building. So the tip is to use books on buildings in a city, country... in addition to books about a specific building.
2. How flexible we can be with our search terms, because we don't always know the official name of a building.

Search sample 1.
catalog search

Search sample 2. Not knowing the official name of the building, I used a keyword search:
catalog record

Search sample 3. a keyword search to include two possibilities--tower or center?
catalog record


top

Rotch and Loeb—two local Architecture Libraries
In addition to the Tufts Libraries catalog, Professor Abramson recommends that you also use

Consult their catalogs before your visit. You can't check out books from these libraries, but you can always photocopy materials you need.

For example, on the topic of prison architecture, you will find these books in the three libraries:
Tufts Library Catalog:
books on prison design

Barton, MIT Libraries Catalog

prison design

HOLLIS, Harvard Libraries Catalog.
prisons design

WorldCat is the Catalog of materials held worldwide, and you can request online books you find in this catalog.

top


3. Finding Journal Articles
Key Database
Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals  1934 -
This database indexes more than 1,000 periodicals published worldwide on archaeology, city planning, interior design, and historic preservation, as well as architecture.

Sample research question, "The importance of iron in 19th-century France; the use of iron in the development of the department store."

Enter key phrases and words; "store*" searches for either and both "store" and "stores"

Avery Search Sample

1. Look closely at a relevant record in the search results to get some ideas for further refining the initial search;
2. Follow the relevant subject index terms to get to other records on the topic.
3. Use the bibliography in the article.

search sample
search sample

 
We can use the previous subject indexing phrase to do another search:

search sample

 

 

Here is how we can apply what we have learned about Avery in our next search:

A.
1. Look at iron or ironwork used in "department stores"
2. We have learned that "department stores" is a subject index term in Avery; therefore a Subject Phrase search is more precise than a keyword search.

search sample

B.
Or look more broadly at iron or ironwork used in architectural design in France during a given time period:

**Subject Phrase searches for the exact phrase; Subject searches for any word in a subject phrase.

search sample

top


Other Subject Databases--Which one(s) to Use?
There are usually more than one relevant source/database (each with its own particular academic discipline/subject focus and/or extensiveness of coverage) for your topic.

Example, journals may be included in one relevant database, but not another. For instance, two important art and art history journals, Art Bulletin and Art History both are indexed in Art Abstracts, BHA, and Expanded Academic ASAP. However, neither of these two journals is indexed in ARTBibliographies Modern. The Avery database indexes more than 1,000 periodicals published worldwide, while JStor includes only 13 architecture and architectural history journals (minus the current years of these journals.)

Example, let me return to the sample the topic, “use of iron in French department stores in the 19th century". After analyzing, more closely, we can decide to try out at least the following three databases, in addition to the Avery Index,— Bibliography of the History of Art, for its emphasis on (American and) European art and historical periods; History of Science, Technology and Medicine, If we want to focus on iron as a building material and technological aspect of architectural constructions; and Historical Abstracts, which indexes scholarly literature in European and world history and culture from 1450 to the present. See two search results at the end of this section.

So, if your research topic is on modern architecture in Latin America or Asia, you should also use the databases focused on Latin American studies (PRISMA) or Asian studies (Bibliography of Asian Studies), in addition to the architecture and art databases.

So, to summarize, I quote your fellow students:

  • “using a combination of resources to find what I want instead of giving up on a source if it cannot directly help.” (Oct. 31, 06)
  • "I will be carrying more in-depth searches.” (Oct. 31, 06)

top

Art and Art History
Art Abstracts 1984- .  

citationBHA: Bibliography of the History of Art = Bibliographie d'Histoire de l'Art. Getty Art History Information Program, 1973-
Covering European and American art from late antiquity to the present.

cARTBibliographies Modern 1974-
The scope extends from artists and movements beginning with Impressionism in the late 19th century, up to the most recent works and trends in the late 20th century. A particular emphasis is placed upon adding new and lesser-known artists and on the coverage of foreign-language literature.

Humanities
cArchitecture in the Humanities

This database connects a piece of architecture to works of literature, film, theater, and art. The connection is made by way of historical or fictional events that took place in the building and are also depicted in other works. The purpose is to demonstrate how architecture's physical attributes imbue these events with certain meanings.

Period Studies
cInternational Medieval Bibliography. Brepols, 1967-

cIter: Gateway to the Renaissance (400 -1700) 

Full text Multidisciplinary Database and E-journal Collection
citationcExpanded Academic ASAP    
Articles from more than 1,500 scholarly, trade, and general-interest publications, including national news and commentary. Coverage is from 1980 to current and is updated daily. Some full text is available.

JSTOR

History and Culture Studies
cAmerica: History and Life 1964-
Scholarly literature on the history and culture of the U.S. and Canada.

cHistorical Abstracts 1969-
Scholarly literature in European and world history and culture from 1450 to the present. Does not include the United States and Canada.
In addition to Historical Abstracts, each of the following three databases focuses on a particular region or culture.

cBibliography of Asian Studies
An index of Western-language articles, monographs, and book chapters published since 1971.

c Index Islamicus
The Index Islamicus covers Islam, the Middle East and the Muslim world. It is produced by the Islamic Bibliography Unit of the Cambridge University Library and indexes articles back to 1906.

cPRISMA publicaciones y revistas sociales y humanísticas
full-text scholarly journals in the social sciences and humanities for the interdisciplinary academic study of Hispanic and Latin America, and the Caribbean Basin

.top


Sample search results on architectural history topics from the database, Historical Abstracts. You can always use the bibliography in a relevant article on your topic.

historical abstracts record

russian.gif


top

4. Full Tex, Full Text, Full Text!
A very frequently asked question is, “full text, full text, full text…where are they, online, in print, downstairs, upstairs?” Here is how to find full texts in three different scenarios. (This link takes you to my other library research guide.)


top

5. Searching Google Scholar
A quick, but limited source. See details about Searching Google Scholar. (The searches were done on 4:45 pm Nov. 9 '06.)
google scholar search

A second Search:

google scholar search


top

6. Visual Research
Print Sources
Search the Library Catalogs

keyword searches for photographs and other types of illustrations of buildings and structures

catalog search

Other keyword searches to try out (note the search pattern):

  • (architect* or building*) and united states and pictorial works
  • monuments and pictorial works
  • (architect* or building*) and (illustrat* or photo*)

keyword searches for architectural drawings, sketches, details, designs and plans.

catalog search

Other keyword searches to try out (note the search pattern):

  • architectural drawing and united states
  • architectural drawing and wright
  • architecture details and (modern or 19th century)
  • architectural rendering
  • architecture designs and plans and (modern or 20th century)

Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
A Visual Dictionary of Architecture. Ref NA31 .C44 1995.
American Architecture: an Illustrated Encyclopedia. Ref NA 705 .H36 1998.
English Architecture: an Illustrated Glossary. Ref NA 961 .C87.
World architecture index : a guide to illustrations Ref NA202 .T4 1991

Online Sources (digital Images)

Tufts Department of Art History [http://ase.tufts.edu/art/AHwelcome.html]
Slide collection and the Artifact database of images for class study.

Cities/Buildings Image Archive [Meredith L. Clausen, Architectural History Professor, University of Washington, http://www.washington.edu/ark2/.]
“The Cities/Buildings Database is a collection of digitized images of buildings and cities drawn from across time and throughout the world, available to students, researchers and educators on the web.”
All files on this site are copyright controlled as indicated.

Digital Archive of European Architecture [Professor Jeffery Howe, Boston College, http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/arch/contents_europe.html]
Prehistoric to 20th century.

International Architecture Database
Drawing on the contributions from persons across much of Europe, the International Architecture Database website has served as a valuable clearinghouse for thousands of architectural projects (both built and unrealized) since 1996. Currently, the database contains information on more than 13,000 projects, most from the 20th and 21st centuries.

Grove Art Online

ARTstor
ARTstor is an image database of architecture, painting, photography, sculpture, decorative arts and design, and archaeological and anthropological objects--with associated catalog data--from many major collections.

 

Library of Congress American Memory Project
A gateway to primary source materials relating to the history and culture of the United States. The site offers more than 7 million digital items from more than 100 historical collections.

American Landscape and Architectural Design, 1850-1920
This collection of approximately 2,800 lantern slides represents an historical view of American buildings and landscapes built during the period 1850-1920. The collection offers views of cities, specific buildings, parks, estates and gardens, including a complete history of Boston's Park System.

A Digital Archive of American Architecture [Jeffery Howe, Boston College, http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/.]
This archive, currently consisting of nearly 1,500 digitized images of American architecture (280 buildings). It surveys the development of architecture in America from the 17th century to the present, with particular emphasis given to local architectural monuments.

 

 

top